Direct answer: The EU Toy Safety Regulation (TSR, Regulation (EU) 2025/2509) is not covered by "get an EN 71 report/affix CE" and you are done. It entered into force on 1 January 2026 and applies from 1 August 2030, replacing Directive 2009/48/EC; it strengthens chemical safety, physical/mechanical/flame/electrical/hygiene requirements, conformity assessment, CE, technical documentation, warnings/traceability, importer/distributor/platform duties and the Digital Product Passport (DPP). A manufacturer's TSR page should state the products/age group covered, chemical/physical safety, CE/technical file, DPP, labelling/traceability, roles and the 2030 transition—not just "EN 71/CE certified".
This guide is for toy, baby-product, smart-toy, stationery/gift, model, outdoor-play and children's-product exporters in Changzhou and nearby areas. It explains how to write and accept an EU Toy Safety Regulation page. Information is current to 2026-11-05. It is a review of public rules and project practice, not EU legal, toy-safety, testing, chemical or compliance advice; the specific scope, substance limits, testing, CE, DPP and transition depend on the regulation, harmonised standards, notified bodies, testing laboratories and the competent authority.
TSR entered into force on 1 January 2026 but only applies from 1 August 2030; toys placed before that date under the old directive may continue, but new toys/new placements follow TSR. Chemical safety is the focus: CMR, heavy elements, allergenic fragrances and other limits are stricter—see the annexes/harmonised standards. All toys need a DPP from 1 August 2030; CE/technical file/warnings/traceability must match the specific model/batch.
How does the TSR page relate to GPSR, CE, ESPR/DPP, REACH and EN 71 pages?
GPSR is the consumer-safety baseline; CE is conformity assessment under a specific product law; the ESPR/DPP page answers the cross-sector digital product passport framework; the REACH page answers substances/SVHC; EN 71 is the toy harmonised standard (physical/mechanical, flammability, migration, etc.). The TSR page answers "what this toy must do under TSR: chemical/physical safety, CE/technical file, DPP, labelling/traceability, roles and the 2030 transition". TSR is the toy-specific law and prevails over GPSR for the aspects it covers; GPSR general safety/traceability/incident duties may still apply. EN 71 is a standard, not a regulation; an EN 71 report does not equal full TSR compliance.
Common breakpoints: treating EN 71 as TSR; treating CE as "valid in every market"; ignoring chemicals/allergenic fragrances; no technical file/DoC; assuming a DPP is required in 2026; labels without batch/age warnings; missing importer/platform information; mixing legacy stock and new goods before 2030. A page that states regulation, standards, CE, DPP, labels and roles gives R&D, quality, export sales and compliance one playbook.
| Page/topic | Answers | Covers | Cannot replace |
|---|---|---|---|
| TSR 2025/2509 | Toy safety/CE/DPP | Toy-specific law | GPSR/REACH/standards |
| GPSR | Consumer-safety baseline | General safety/traceability | Toy-specific rules |
| CE | Conformity/DoC | Specific law | Standards/testing |
| ESPR/DPP | Digital passport framework | Cross-sector DPP | Toy DPP fields |
| REACH | Substances/SVHC | Chemicals | Toy migration/mechanics |
| EN 71 | Toy harmonised standard | Test methods/requirements | Regulation/CE/DPP |
This page map is editorial; TSR duties follow Regulation (EU) 2025/2509 and the European Commission toy safety page.
Which products are in scope?
TSR applies to toys designed or intended for children under 14 to play with, including traditional toys, smart/connected toys, models, outdoor/playground toys and baby toys. Some products are excluded/covered by other rules (certain sports equipment, decorations, adult collectibles, food-contact/cosmetic products, etc.); toys must also meet GPSR, REACH, RoHS (electronic toys), Battery Regulation (if batteries) and other applicable laws. Determine by "is it for children under 14 to play with/design intent/packaging/advertising/age marking", not by category name alone.
Acceptance checks: product/age; toy definition; exclusions; smart/connected; battery/electronics; food-contact/cosmetics; customer/platform classification; Member State differences. Common gaps: treating adult collectibles as toys; excluding all stationery/gifts; ignoring smart-toy software/data; ignoring battery rules; unclear age marking; wrong platform classification.
| Category | Covered/how | Focus | Common misjudgement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional toys | Covered | Chemical/physical/flame | EN 71 only |
| Smart/connected toys | Covered | Software/data/safety | Hardware only |
| Baby toys | Covered | Small parts/age | Unclear age |
| Outdoor/playground | Covered | Structure/strength | Ordinary product |
| Battery/electronic | Covered + specific law | Battery/RoHS/EMC | Ignored |
| Adult collectibles/decor | May be excluded | Design intent/advertising | Treated as toy |
| Food-contact/cosmetic | Specific law | FCM/cosmetics | Confused with toy |
Scope/exclusions follow TSR Articles 1–3, the annexes and Commission interpretation; confirm specific products with compliance/legal.
What is the timeline and 2030 transition?
TSR was adopted on 26 November 2025, published on 12 December 2025, entered into force on 1 January 2026 and applies from 1 August 2030 (a 4.5-year transition), replacing Directive 2009/48/EC. Toys complying with the old directive and placed on the market before 1 August 2030 may continue to be made available (stock transition); new toys/new placements/substantial modifications follow TSR. Some provisions (notified bodies, delegated powers, penalties, etc.) may apply earlier in 2026; penalties/enforcement follow Member State arrangements. The DPP applies from 1 August 2030.
Do not present "1 January 2026" as "TSR applies in 2026", nor "2030" as "wait until 2030 to prepare": chemical/testing/DPP/supply-chain data need advance work. State "entry into force/application/stock transition/new goods/DPP/Member State enforcement", subject to the OJ/Commission updates.
| Date | Event | Who | What the page should state |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-12-12 | OJ publication | All | Not applicable that day |
| 2026-01-01 | Entry into force | All | In force ≠ applies |
| 2030-08-01 | TSR applies | Toys | Old/new switch |
| Before that date | Old-law compliant stock | Member States | May continue |
| After that date | New toys/placements | Economic operators | Follow TSR |
| 2030-08-01 | DPP applies | All toys | DPP/data carrier |
Timeline follows the TSR transitional provisions, the Commission page and the OJ; enforcement follows Member State arrangements.
How should chemical safety be accepted?
TSR strengthens chemical safety: CMR substances in accessible toy parts must not exceed limits (unless a rigorous scientific assessment finds them safe); heavy elements/migration, allergenic fragrances and other harmful substances are restricted; specific substances/limits/test methods follow the regulation's annexes, harmonised standards (EN 71-3 migration etc.) and the testing laboratory. Split by material/colour/coating/ink/adhesive/plastic/textile/electronic part and test migration/content; do not test only the "main material". The supply chain must provide formulations/MSDS/declarations/tests; changes require reassessment.
Acceptance checks: material/homogeneous material; accessible parts; CMR/heavy elements/fragrances; test standard/method; reports; supplier declarations; changes; batches. Common gaps: main material only; missing coatings/inks/adhesives; outdated standard; report/model mismatch; missed fragrance/allergen; false supplier declaration; no retest after change.
| Object | What to confirm | Evidence | Common gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| Materials/parts | Plastic/textile/coating/ink/adhesive | BOM/declaration | Main material only |
| CMR | Accessible parts/limits | Testing/assessment | Missing items |
| Heavy elements | Migration/elements | EN 71-3 etc. | Old standard |
| Allergenic fragrances | Prohibited/labelling | Formulation/testing | Missed |
| Test method | Standard/version | Report | Wrong method |
| Supply chain | Formulation/MSDS/declaration | Documents | False |
| Changes | Material/supplier/process | Record | No retest |
Chemical requirements follow the TSR annexes, harmonised standards and testing-laboratory methods; this article does not reproduce limits or constitute testing advice.
How should physical, mechanical, flammability, electrical and hygiene requirements be accepted?
Physical/mechanical: small parts/choking, sharp edges/points, cords/strangulation, holes/pinches, stability/strength, age group; flammability: materials/disguises/wearables; electrical: low voltage/battery/EMC/charging; hygiene: cleaning/micro-organisms/liquids; smart toys also need software/data/cybersecurity (CRA/GDPR where applicable). Test to EN 71 series/other harmonised standards/TSR requirements; cover the worst age group/use/foreseeable misuse. Instructions/warnings/age marking must match testing/design.
Acceptance checks: age group; small parts/sharp edges/cords; strength/stability; flammability; electrical/battery; hygiene; software/data; warnings/instructions. Common gaps: one age group only; missing cords/small parts; no flammability; non-compliant battery/charging; software/data ignored; warnings inconsistent with testing.
| Risk | What to confirm | Evidence | Common gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| Small parts/choking | Age group/parts | Testing | Missing items |
| Sharp edges/points | Accessible edges | Testing/inspection | Visual only |
| Cords/strangulation | Length/loops | Testing | Ignored |
| Strength/stability | Structure/load | Testing | Not done |
| Flammability | Materials/wearables | Testing | Missed |
| Electrical/battery | LVD/EMC/battery | Reports | Ignored |
| Hygiene/liquids | Cleaning/micro-organisms | Testing | Ignored |
| Software/data | CRA/GDPR | Assessment | Hardware only |
Physical/flame/electrical/hygiene requirements follow TSR, EN 71 series, other harmonised standards and specific laws.
How should CE, conformity assessment and the technical file be accepted?
Toys must bear CE marking; conformity assessment generally has two routes: self-verification using harmonised standards, or EC-type examination by a notified body (depending on product/standard/risk); the manufacturer must perform a safety assessment, prepare the technical file and EU Declaration of Conformity (DoC), retain them and provide them to products/customers/authorities. The technical file includes design/drawings/BOM, risk/safety assessment, test reports, material/supplier declarations, labels/instructions and production control/traceability. CE is not a "certificate"; it is a manufacturer's declaration plus technical evidence; an EN 71 report is only one part.
Acceptance checks: CE marking; assessment route; notified body (if applicable); technical file; DoC; safety assessment; testing; labels; traceability; retention. Common gaps: no DoC; missing technical-file items; wrong route; expired notified-body certificate; CE size/placement; report/model mismatch; short retention.
| Element | What to confirm | Evidence | Common gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| CE | Marking/placement/size | Sample | Wrong placement |
| Assessment route | Self-verification/notified body | Documents | Wrong route |
| Notified body | Certificate/scope/validity | Certificate | Expired |
| Technical file | Design/BOM/risk/testing | File pack | Missing items |
| DoC | Law/standards/signature | DoC | None |
| Safety assessment | Risk/age/misuse | Report | Not done |
| Traceability | Batch/model/plant | Records | Broken |
CE/technical file follow TSR, harmonised standards, Commission guidance and notified-body requirements; this is not conformity-assessment advice.
How should the Digital Product Passport (DPP) be accepted?
TSR requires all toys to have a DPP from 1 August 2030: at model/batch level, containing compliance/product/safety information, accessible via a data carrier (e.g. QR); data is hosted by economic operators/service providers, accessed by role/permission and linked to the EU DPP framework/registry. A DPP is not a "product page/PDF": it needs a unique identifier, data model, access control, update/version and registration. Specific fields/format follow TSR implementing rules/delegated acts and Commission DPP guidance.
Acceptance checks: DPP scope/granularity; unique identifier; data fields; data carrier; hosting; permissions; registration; version/update; reading by customers/customs/regulators; service-provider contract. Common gaps: assuming 2026; QR pointing to an ordinary page; no unique identifier; incomplete data; fully open/closed permissions; no registration; no version update.
| Element | What to confirm | Evidence | Common gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| Timing | 2030-08-01 | Regulation | Assumes 2026 |
| Granularity | Model/batch | Rules | Unclear |
| Unique identifier | URI/product ID | Registration | None |
| Fields | Compliance/product/safety | Data dictionary | PDF only |
| Data carrier | QR/NFC | Sample | Website link |
| Hosting/permissions | Operator/service provider | Contract | All open/closed |
| Registration/version | Entry/update | Receipt/log | None |
The DPP follows TSR Articles 19–23, implementing/delegated acts and the Commission DPP page; fields/timing may be refined.
How should labelling, traceability and warnings be accepted?
Labels/packaging/instructions must include: manufacturer/importer name/address, model/batch, age warnings/use instructions/safety warnings, CE (where applicable), necessary symbols/language; smart toys also need data/privacy/connectivity information. Traceability must link model/batch/plant/testing/DPP; warnings must match testing/design/age group, in a language understandable in the sales country. Do not just put CE and "3+"; small parts/cords/batteries/water toys need specific warnings.
Acceptance checks: manufacturer/importer; model/batch; age/warnings; CE; language; symbols; smart/battery; traceability; consistency with DPP/testing. Common gaps: importer missing; unclear age; incomplete warnings; wrong language; CE size; broken batch; label/website mismatch.
| Element | What to state | Evidence | Common gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer/importer | Name/address | Label | Importer missing |
| Model/batch | Identification/traceability | Label | Broken |
| Age/warnings | Age group/risks | Label/instructions | Incomplete |
| CE | Placement/size | Sample | Wrong placement |
| Language | Understandable in sales country | Multi-language | English only |
| Smart/battery | Data/connectivity/battery | Instructions | Ignored |
| Consistency | Label/testing/DPP | Cross-check | Mismatch |
Labelling/traceability follow TSR, GPSR, harmonised standards and sales-country language requirements.
What do manufacturers, importers, distributors and platforms do?
Manufacturer: safety/chemical/physical assessment, technical file, DoC, CE, DPP, labels/warnings, traceability, corrective action/recall, incident/authority cooperation. Importer: verify the manufacturer's duties, indicate name/address, ensure transport/storage, keep documents, correct/recall. Distributor: check CE/labels/warnings/traceability, storage/transport, corrective action. Platform: display information, cooperate with takedowns/authorities under GPSR/DSA/TSR; do not list non-compliant toys. A non-EU manufacturer generally needs an EU responsible person (GPSR/market-surveillance framework). Define roles/contracts; customers/platforms will check.
Acceptance checks: role matrix; importer marking; distributor checks; platform information; EU responsible person; corrective/recall; incidents/authorities. Common gaps: assuming the factory is exempt; importer not marked; distributor not checking; missing platform information; no EU responsible person; no recall process.
| Role | Main duty | Evidence | Common gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Safety/file/CE/DPP | File pack | Assumes export exempts it |
| Importer | Verify/identify/transport/file | Label/record | No marking |
| Distributor | Check/storage/corrective | Checklist | No checks |
| Platform | Information/takedown/cooperation | Page/record | Missing |
| EU responsible person | File/cooperation/incidents | Mandate | None |
| Recall | Notice/remedy/records | Plan | No process |
Role duties follow TSR, GPSR, the market-surveillance framework and Commission guidance; confirm contracts by actual role.
How should online sales and market surveillance be accepted?
Online listings must show manufacturer/importer/EU responsible person, model/batch, age/warnings, CE/images and necessary safety information; platforms must cooperate with takedowns/authorities. Market surveillance may sample/test/request the technical file/DoC/DPP and require correction/withdrawal/recall/penalties. Sellers must provide evidence quickly; cross-border sellers need an EU contact. Advertising/live commerce/influencers cannot omit age/warnings.
Acceptance checks: listing information; image/model; age/warnings; CE; platform cooperation; technical file; DPP; recall; advertising/live. Common gaps: brand only; no responsible person; incomplete warnings; image mismatch; platform non-cooperation; documents unavailable; live commerce omits warnings.
| Step | What to display/prepare | Evidence | Common gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| Listing | Manufacturer/RP/model | Page | Brand only |
| Age/warnings | Age group/risks | Page/label | Incomplete |
| CE/images | Marking/product | Page | Mismatch |
| Platform cooperation | Takedown/authority | Record | No cooperation |
| Technical file | DoC/testing/DPP | File pack | Unavailable |
| Advertising/live | Age/warnings | Script | Omitted |
Online/surveillance follows TSR, GPSR, DSA and Member State market-surveillance requirements.
How should the website TSR page be written?
A public page should include: products/age group, TSR timeline/transition, chemical/physical/flame/electrical/hygiene, CE/technical file/DoC, DPP timetable/data carrier, labels/traceability/warnings, importer/distributor/platform roles, online/surveillance, customer data request and version/contact. Write verifiably: state "we have testing/technical file/CE/DPP preparation", not "all toys comply with TSR/absolutely safe/automatic compliance in 2030".
Separate "public information" from "customer/regulatory documents": technical files, test reports, DoC and DPP data are provided per permission/contract; the public page gives scope, standards, process and contacts, and does not publish customer/formulation/supply-chain sensitive data. If supplying components or carrying out contract manufacturing, state that the company supports the brand owner/importer with testing/documents/DPP fields and does not declare the whole toy compliant. Multilingual pages should match sales countries.
| Section | What to write | Evidence | Avoid |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scope | Products/age/exclusions | List | "All toys" |
| Timeline | 2026/2030/transition | Regulation | "Applies in 2026" |
| Chemicals | Materials/testing/limits | Reports | "Non-toxic" slogan |
| Physical/flame | EN 71/testing | Reports | One test only |
| CE/file | DoC/technical file | File pack | "Has certificate" |
| DPP | 2030/data/carrier | Preparation | "DPP exists" without evidence |
| Labels/roles | Warnings/importer/platform | Sample/contract | Self only |
| Contact/version | Data request/date | Form | No entry |
This page structure is editorial; external claims must be truthful and verifiable, per TSR, standards, notified bodies and the competent authority.
What must not be written?
High-risk claims: "TSR is mandatory in 2026" (applies from 1 August 2030); "an EN 71 report means compliance" (TSR/CE/DPP/labels/chemicals also apply); "CE is a certificate/valid in every market" (manufacturer declaration/specific law); "all toys are non-toxic/absolutely safe" (cannot guarantee); "a DPP is a QR code/product page" (unique ID/data/registration also needed); "old stock must be withdrawn in 2030" (transitional stock may continue); "small-parts/cord warnings can be arbitrary" (must match testing/age); "prepare the DPP in 2030" (data/supply chain need advance work). These are inaccurate or misstate responsibility.
Safer wording: "products/age, TSR timeline, chemical/physical testing, CE/technical file, DPP preparation, labels/roles, subject to TSR/standards/notified bodies". External promotion must also comply with advertising/fair-competition law; customer/child information needs authorisation/redaction.
| Page wording | Problem | Suggested wording | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Mandatory in 2026" | Applies in 2030 | Timeline/transition | TSR |
| "EN 71 = compliance" | TSR/CE/DPP still apply | Regulation + standards | TSR |
| "CE = certificate" | Manufacturer declaration | DoC/technical file | TSR/CE |
| "Absolutely safe" | Cannot guarantee | Testing/boundary | Safety |
| "QR = DPP" | Missing data/registration | Full DPP | TSR |
| "Old stock withdrawn" | Transitional stock | Distinguish old/new | TSR |
| "Prepare in 2030" | Data needs advance work | Start early | DPP |
These red lines are editorial; whether a claim is false advertising/non-compliant is determined by regulators and the contract, and this is not legal advice.
Go-live acceptance checklist
Ten checks: product/age scope, TSR timeline/transition, chemical/physical/flame/electrical testing, CE/technical file/DoC, DPP preparation, labels/traceability/warnings, importer/distributor/platform roles, online/surveillance, customer data pack, page wording/version. Each needs an owner, evidence and review date. The pass condition is not "the page says CE", but that a customer/platform/regulator can see whether the product is in scope, how it was tested, where CE/DPP stand and who is responsible.
Before go-live, run one real toy/model through: scope → timeline → chemical/physical → CE/file → DPP → labels → roles → online → page wording. Any step that fails is a gap in the page or the process.
| Check | Pass condition | Evidence | If it fails |
|---|---|---|---|
| Product/age | Toy/under 14 | List | Re-assess |
| Timeline | 2026/2030/transition | Statement | Add |
| Chemicals | Materials/limits/testing | Reports | Test |
| Physical/flame | EN 71/specific | Reports | Test |
| CE/file | DoC/technical file | File pack | Complete |
| DPP | Timing/data/carrier | Preparation | Prepare |
| Labels/traceability | Age/warnings/batch | Sample | Fix label |
| Roles | Importer/distributor/platform | Contract | Appoint |
| Online/surveillance | Information/cooperation | Page/process | Add info |
| Wording | No "absolute/2026 mandatory" | Page test | Remove |
This checklist is editorial; specific compliance requirements follow TSR, standards, notified bodies and the competent authority.
Who should read this, who should not, and what decisions does it support?
It suits toy, baby-product, smart-toy, stationery/gift, model, outdoor-play and children's-product exporters in Changzhou and nearby areas; also R&D, quality, export sales, compliance and website teams assessing a TSR page. It does not suit businesses that do not sell to the EU, products that are not toys/for children under 14, or those wanting one page to replace testing/CE/DPP/legal advice.
Read it if your product is a toy; an EU customer/platform requires TSR; you are preparing for 2030; you are building or revising a TSR page; or you need to separate TSR, GPSR, CE, EN 71, REACH and ESPR/DPP. Skip it if you treat EN 71 as TSR, CE as a certificate, or assume TSR is mandatory in 2026. It supports self-review of scope, timeline, chemical/physical, CE/file, DPP, labels, roles and page wording.
FAQ
Does TSR apply now?
It was published on 12 December 2025, entered into force on 1 January 2026 and applies from 1 August 2030 (a 4.5-year transition), replacing Directive 2009/48/EC; toys complying with the old directive and placed on the market before 1 August 2030 may continue to be made available (stock transition), while new toys/new placements follow TSR.
Which products are in scope?
Toys designed or intended for children under 14 to play with, including traditional, smart/connected, models, outdoor/playground and baby toys; some adult collectibles/decorations, sports equipment, food-contact/cosmetic products are excluded or covered by specific rules; battery/electronic toys also follow battery/RoHS/EMC, and smart toys also follow software/data/CRA/GDPR where applicable.
What changes in chemical safety?
TSR strengthens chemical safety: CMR substances in accessible toy parts must not exceed limits (unless a rigorous scientific assessment finds them safe), heavy elements/migration and allergenic fragrances are restricted; specific substances/limits/test methods follow the annexes, EN 71 series/harmonised standards and the testing laboratory. Split by material/coating/ink/adhesive/textile/electronic part; do not test only the main material.
How should CE/the technical file be done?
Toys must bear CE; conformity assessment can use harmonised-standard self-verification or EC-type examination by a notified body (depending on product/standard/risk); the manufacturer performs a safety assessment, prepares the technical file and EU Declaration of Conformity (DoC), retains them and provides them to products/customers/authorities. CE is a manufacturer declaration plus technical evidence, not a "certificate"; an EN 71 report is only one part.
When is the DPP required, and what does it contain?
All toys need a DPP from 1 August 2030: at model/batch level, containing compliance/product/safety information, accessible via a data carrier (e.g. QR), hosted by operators/service providers with role-based access and linked to the EU DPP framework/registry. Specific fields/format follow TSR implementing/delegated acts and Commission guidance; it is not a "QR code/product page".
How should the website/customer statement be written?
State products/age, TSR timeline/transition, chemical/physical/flame/electrical testing, CE/technical file/DoC, DPP preparation, labels/traceability/warnings, importer/distributor/platform roles and contact/version; do not write "mandatory in 2026/EN 71 means compliance/absolutely safe/all toys have a DPP". Customer/regulatory documents are provided on a need-to-know basis.
One-sentence takeaway
A Changzhou manufacturer's TSR page is not about "EN 71/CE certificates". It should turn product/age scope, the 2026–2030 timeline, chemical/physical/flame/electrical testing, CE/technical file/DoC, DPP, labels/traceability/warnings and importer/distributor/platform roles into a verifiable checklist—so a customer/platform/regulator can see whether the product is in scope, how it was tested, where CE/DPP stand and who is responsible.
Method and limitations
This is a review of public rules and project practice, not an audit or legal opinion on any company's products, toy safety, testing, chemicals, CE, DPP or compliance. No undisclosed customer/testing data were used. Scope, timeline, testing, CE, DPP, labels and acceptance items are editorial suggestions, not safety/testing/legal conclusions. Specific scope, substance limits, testing, CE, DPP and transition depend on the regulation, harmonised standards, notified bodies, testing laboratories and the competent authority.
Sources and scope
Information is current to 2026-11-05. The following are EU official/legal pages; their articles, annexes, standards and guidance control.
- Regulation (EU) 2025/2509 on the safety of toys and repealing Directive 2009/48/EC, adopted 26 November 2025, published 12 December 2025: EUR-Lex. Scope, chemical/physical safety, CE, DPP, roles, transition and penalties.
- European Commission, Toy Safety in the EU: European Commission. TSR timeline, chemical safety, CE/notified bodies, DPP and market surveillance.
- European Commission, Digital Product Passport: European Commission. DPP registry, data carrier, access and interoperability.
- Regulation (EU) 2023/988 on general product safety (GPSR): EUR-Lex. Consumer-safety baseline, traceability, responsible person, incidents/recall.
- Regulation (EU) 2024/1781 establishing ESPR: EUR-Lex. Cross-sector DPP framework/interoperability.